Occurrence of unusual haemoglobinopathies in balochistan: hb sd and hb se - presentation with osteomyelitis / Ocorrência de hemoglobinopatias incomuns no baluchistão: hb sd e hb se - apresentação com osteomielite

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe two cases of unusual variants of sickle cell disease. Case description: We present two cases of sickle cell disease variants (haemoglobinopathies), from unrelated families, in the state of Balochistan (Pakistan). One was diagnosed with sickle cell disease in the haemoglobin electrophoresis, whereas the other was diagnosed with sickle cell SE disease. Both were diagnosed based on the presentation of osteomyelitis. Comments: Haemoglobin SD disease (Hb SD) and haemoglobin SE disease (Hb SE) are rare haemoglobinopathies in the world. The lack of available literature suggests that both are variants of sickle cell disease (SCD), with heterogeneous nature. The prevalence of sickle cell disease with compound heterozygotes was found at a variable frequency in the population of the Asian Southeast. The frequency of osteomyelitis in SCD is 12 to 18%, but its occurrence among variant haemoglobinopathies is little reported. Both reported cases presented with osteomyelitis as a characteristic of the disease presentation.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever dois casos de variantes raras da hemoglobinopatia falciforme. Descrição do caso: Apresentamos aqui dois casos de hemoglobinopatias variantes das células falciformes, de famílias não relacionadas, no estado do Baluchistão (Paquistão), sendo um diagnosticado como doença da hemoglobina SD na eletroforese de hemoglobina, enquanto o outro com doença da hemoglobina SE. Ambos foram diagnosticados a partir da apresentação de osteomielite. Comentários: Hemoglobina SD (Hb SD) e hemoglobina SE (Hb SE) são hemoglobinopatias raras no mundo. A escassez de literatura disponível sugere que ambas são variantes da doença falciforme (DF) com natureza heterogênea. A prevalência de hemoglobinopatia falciforme com heterozigosidade composta foi encontrada com frequência variável na população do sudeste asiático. A frequência de osteomielite na DF é de 12 a 18%, mas sua ocorrência entre as hemoglobinopatias falciformes variantes é pouco relatada. Os dois casos reportados apresentaram osteomielite como característica de apresentação da doença.

Molecular characterization of hemoglobin D Punjab traits and clinical-hematological profile of the patients / Caracterização molecular dos traços de hemoglobina D Punjab e perfil clínico-hematológico dos pacientes

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Hemoglobin (Hb) D hemoglobinopathies are widespread diseases in northwestern India and usually present with mild hemolytic anemia and mild to moderate splenomegaly. The heterozygous form of Hb D is clinically silent, but coinheritance of Hb D with Hb S or beta-thalassemia produces clinically significant conditions like thalassemia intermedia of moderate severity. Under heterozygous conditions with coinheritance of alpha and beta-thalassemia, patients show a degree of clinical variability. Thus, our aim was to molecularly characterize the Hb D trait among individuals who were clinically symptomatic because of co-inheritance of alpha deletions or any beta-globin gene mutations. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in an autonomous tertiary-care hospital. METHODS: Complete blood count and red cell indices were measured using an automated cell analyzer. Quantitative assessment of hemoglobin Hb F, Hb A, Hb A2 and Hb D was performed by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). DNA extraction was done using the phenol-chloroform method. Molecular analyses on common alpha deletions and common beta mutations were done using the Gap polymerase chain reaction and Amplification Refractory Mutation System, respectively. RESULTS: We evaluated 30 patients and found clinical variation in the behavior of Hb D traits. In six patients, the Hb D traits were clinically symptomatic and behaved like those of thalassemia intermedia. Molecular characterization showed that three out of these six were IVS-1-5 positive. CONCLUSIONS: HPLC may not be the gold standard for diagnosing symptomatic Hb D Punjab traits. Hence, standard confirmation should include molecular studies.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Hemoglobinopatias da hemoglobina (Hb) D são doenças amplamente disseminadas no noroeste da Índia e geralmente se apresentam com anemia hemolítica leve e esplenomegalia leve a moderada. A forma heterozigótica de Hb D é clinicamente silenciosa, mas co-herança de Hb D com Hb S ou beta-talassemia produzem condições clinicamente significativas, como talassemia intermediária de gravidade moderada. Em condição heterozigótica com co-herança de alfa e beta-talassemia, pacientes mostram variabilidade clínica. Assim, nosso objetivo foi a caracterização molecular dos traços da Hb D em individuos clinicamente sintomáticos, devido à co-herança de deleções de alfa ou quaisquer mutações gênicas de beta-globina. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal; realizado em um hospital de cuidado terciário autônomo. MÉTODOS: Hemograma completo e índices de células vermelhas foram medidos pelo analisador automatizado de células. Avaliação quantitativa de hemoglobina Hb F, Hb A, Hb A2 e Hb D foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Extração de DNA foi feita pelo método de fenol-clorofórmio. Estudo molecular para deleções comuns de alfa e mutações comuns de beta foi feito por Gap-reação em cadeia da polimerase e amplificação refratária de mutação, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Avaliamos 30 pacientes e verificamos variação clínica no comportamento dos traços da Hb D. Em seis pacientes, os traços da Hb D foram clinicamente sintomáticos e se comportavam como os de talassemia intermédia. A caracterização molecular mostrou que três desses seis pacientes eram IVS-1-5 positivos. CONCLUSÕES: HPLC pode não ser o padrão ouro para o diagnóstico de traços de Hb D Punjab sintomáticos. Assim, a confirmação padrão ouro deve incluir estudos moleculares.

Secondary and tertiary structure aberration of alpha globin chain in haemoglobin Q-India disorder.

Hemoglobinopathies are important inherited disorders with considerable high prevalence in Asia. Hemoglobin Q-India is a hemoglobinopathy that was first identified in India. Hb Q-India is caused by the mutation GAC --> CAC at codon 64 of the alpha-1 globin gene. The correlation between this hemoglobinopathy and thalassemia was reported. Although primary structure of disorder Hb Q-India is well documented, the secondary and tertiary structures, which can help explain the pathogenesis of the Hb Q-India disorder is not known. In this study, amino acid sequence of human alpha globin was searched using ExPASY and used for further mutation to Hb Q-India disorder. The derived sequences, alpha globin chains in both normal and Hb Q-India disorder, were used for further investigation for secondary and tertiary structures. Modeling of these proteins for secondary and tertiary structures was done using the NNPREDICT server and CPHmodels 2.0 Server, respectively. In this study, the secondary and tertiary structures of human alpha globin chains of normal and hemoglobin Q-India disorder are calculated and presented. Based on this information, the main difference between the predicted alpha globin secondary structures of normal and Hb Q-India is an extra helix in the Hb Q-India. The predicted tertiary structure also supports this finding. The results from this study can be good data for further study on Hb Q-India disorder, which can bring to the further understanding on this hemoglobinopathy.

Estudo do perfil de hemoglobinas em 9, 189 testes realizados no Alvaro Centro de Análises e Pesquisas Clínicas / The characteristic of 9, 189 tests of hemoglobinopathy diagnostic from the Alvaro Center of Clinical Chemistry and Research in the 2004 year

As hemoglobinopatias são um grupo heterogêneo de distúrbios caracterizados por alterações que envolvem genes estruturais e promovem a formação de moléculas de hemoglobinas com variações polimórficas características. Essas alterações, denominadas variantes, possuem freqüências diversificadas, de acordo com distribuição geográfica e/ou étnica. Avaliou-se o perfil hemoglobínico dos testes realizados no Alvaro Centro de Análises e Pesquisas Clínicas, durante o ano de 2004. Foram analisados 9189 testes, realizados por cromatografia líquida de alta performance (HPLC), provenientes de todas as regiões do Brasil. Das amostras analisadas, 81,02% apresentaram perfil hemoglobínico normal, enquanto foi observado alteração em 18,98%. Destas, os perfis hemoglobínicos identificados foram: Hb AS 9,11%; sugestivo de beta talassemia 5,50%; Hb AC 2,47%; Hb SS 0,76%; Hb SC 0,39%; Hb CC 0,20%; PHHF 0,19%; Hb AD 0,18%; e outras formas raras de hemoglobinas em 0,18%. Observou-se que houve predomínio da prevalência de Hb AS (traço falciforme) entre os testes com perfil hemoglobínico alterado. Ainda, houve uma freqüência relativamente elevada de testes sugestivos de beta talassemia.

The hemoglobinopathies are a heterogeneous group of haemoglobin disturbs characterized by the structural genes mutations which results in polymorphic haemoglobin molecules. These abnormal hemoglobins are called “hemoglobin variants”. Their frequencies vary accordingly to the geographic region and/or ethnic group distribution. Quantification of the various hemoglobinic structures was performed in 9189 samples from all over Brazil. The variants hemoglobin frequency and beta-thalassemia were analyzed. The normal hemoglobinic structure and its variants were detected by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). We found 7445 (81.02%) samples presenting normal hemoglobin structure, Hb AA; whereas 1744 (18.98%) samples revealed some abnormality. The following characteristics were observed among the abnormal hemoglobins: Hb AS (9.11%); suggestive of beta thalassemia (5.50%); Hb AC (2.47%); Hb SS (0.76%), Hb SC (0.39%); Hb CC (0.20%); HPFH (0.19%); Hb AD (0,18%); and some other rare hemoglobins (0.18%). From our study, we were able to identify a major prevalence of sickle cell trait (Hb AS) among the various haemoglobin variants. In addition to that, we were able to identify a higher relative frequency of suggestive of beta-thalassemia tests in this population.

Validation of osmotic fragility test and dichlorophenol indophenol precipitation test for screening of thalassemia and Hb E.

The strategy for screening of thalassemia and Hb E by a combination of osmotic fragility (OF) test and dichlorophenol indophenol precipitation (DCIP) test was validated with 436 unrelated Thai subjects. Hemoglobin (Hb) typing, Hb A2 quantitation, PCR and DNA sequence analysis were used as confirmatory methods for diagnosis of thalassemia and hemoglobinopathy. The sensitivity and specificity of this strategy was 100% and 79.7%, respectively. The results assessed by two medical scientists were exactly the same with 93.3% accuracy in comparison with the confirmatory methods. A combination of OF and DCIP has been shown to be a reliable, rapid, simple and sensitive strategy for screening thalassemia and Hb E in the Thai population.

Hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin in a tribal family of Orissa, India.

BACKGROUND: The hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin (HPFH) is an autosomal co-dominant, rare, inherited condition. It occurs due to failure of switching off of the production of gamma-chains during the neonatal period leading to a high level of foetal haemoglobin in adult life but without any anaemia. During screening a randomly selected Paraja Bhuyan tribal population for haemoglobinopathies in the Sundargarh district of western Orissa, HPFH was detected in a family. METHODS: Horizontal haemoglobin electrophoresis was carried out to identify abnormal haemoglobins and quantitation of the haemoglobin A2 fraction was done by the elution method at pH 8.9. Haemoglobin F was estimated. Haematological parameters were studied using an automated blood cell counter. The acid elution-staining test was used to demonstrate the intracellular distribution of haemoglobin F-containing erythrocytes. RESULTS: Four members of the tribal family had a high level (6.5%-13.7%) of foetal haemoglobin--the mother and 3 children. None of them had any apparent clinical or haematological abnormality except for mild pallor in the two younger children. The add elution-staining test revealed pancellular distribution of foetal haemoglobin in the erythrocytes of all the affected family members. CONCLUSION: Genetic traits such as hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin, although rare, are prevalent in India.

HPLC--how necessary is it for haemoglobinopathy diagnosis in India?

Cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is emerging as the method of choice for the initial screening of thalassemias and haemoglobinopathies and quantification of Haemoglobins (Hbs) like HbA, HbA2 and HbF. Since it is expensive, the present study was conducted to evaluate the need for HPLC in Indian laboratories and identify situations where it would be imperative. Eighty three patients suspected to have thalassemia and haemoglobinopathies were analysed. Both HPLC and alkaline gel electrophoresis detected 14 cases of HbE syndrome and 14 cases of HbS syndrome. However of the 14 cases diagnosed as HbD syndrome by alkaline electrophoresis, eight cases were diagnosed as Hb Q India, 1 case as HbD Iran and 5 cases of HbD Punjab on HPLC. Thirty-one cases were detected to have beta heterozygous thalassemia based on the high HbA2 levels (>3.9%) and eight cases were diagnosed as beta homozygous thalassemia by both HPLC and gel electrophoresis. One of them had an unknown Hb migrating in F-A region. Her mother also had same unknown Hb variant. In view of electrophoretic migration and retention time (RT) on HPLC, possibility of HbG-San Jose was considered. HPLC being an automated instrument is highly sensitive and specific, has high resolution and helps in quantification of various haemoglobins. However in a developing country like India where economical factors play a major role in planning for management of patients, the role of HPLC is limited.

The validation of an automated liquid chromatography system for the diagnosis of thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies.

Accurate and precise hemoglobin separation and the quantitation of Hb A2 and Hb F are essential for the diagnosis of the thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies. Presented in this study is the validation of the the Hb A2 assay of the HbGold analyzer, a fully automated liquid chromatography system for hemoglobin separation and quantitation. Variability of Hb A2 quantitation was quite low; the CV's of within-run, between-run and interlaboratory studies were 1.8-3.1%, 3.4-6.0% and 6.8-8.8% respectively. The results of the %Hb A2 quantitated by HbGold analyzer correlated well with those given by the Bio-Rad Variant Hb testing system (r=0.98). The application of the HbGold analyzer for the diagnosis of the thalassemia phenotypes frequently observed in Thailand is considered. In conclusion, the Hb A2 assay of the HbGold analyzer could be used for the quantitation of Hb A2 and Hb F and the presumptive identification of abnormal hemoglobins.

Hemoglobinopathies among five major ethnic groups in Karachi, Pakistan.

A brief survey of abnormal hemoglobin variants among the major ethnic groups of Karachi was conducted; 202,600 subjects were studied. Patients with low hemoglobin (Hb), low mean cell volume (MCV) and mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) including anemia, microcytosis, hypochromic hemolysis and target cells, were refered for the identification of hemoglobinopathy by molecular methods. Population screening showed that 60% had iron-deficiency anemia and 40% had hemolytic anemia, of which 20.6% was due to beta-thalassemia major, 13% beta-thalassemia trait, 5.1% sickle cell disease, 0.76% hemoglobin D Punjab (HbD Punjab), 0.32% hemoglobin C (HbC), and 0.22% hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH).

Serum erythropoietin levels in thalassemia major and intermedia.

Serum erythropoietin (EPO) levels were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 61 thalassemic patients, consisting of 23 thalassemia major (TM) patients with multiple transfusion, 38 patients with thalassemia intermedia (TI). Thirty-two normal controls were also studied. The mean serum EPO levels were significantly higher in both groups with TM (165.96 +/- 17.31 mlU/ml) and TI (126.43 +/- 50.56 mlU/ml) compared with the control group (8.33 +/- 3.91 mlU/ml). The mean value of hematocrit (Hct) in the patients with TM (18.70 +/- 3.51%) was lower than those with TI (25.24 +/- 4.19 %) whereas the mean serum EPO level were significantly higher in TM than TI patients. An inverse correlation between the serum values of EPO and Hct was observed in both TI and TM patients, however this correlation was significant only in TI (r = -0.61, p<0.001). These data showed that serum EPO levels increased in all thalassemia patients despite repeated transfusion. Multiple transfusion may modulate the response of serum EPO to the degree of anemia, resulting in increased EPO levels and independent anemia in the TM patients.

Hemostatic alterations in beta-thalassemia/hemoglobin E patients.

To search for evidence of coagulation activation ex vivo, the levels of human prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2) were examined in 69 beta-thalassemia/Hb E patients. Levels of protein C inhibitor (PCI) and activated protein C - PCI (APC:PCI) complex were also determined in 9 of the above patients in conjunction with protein C (PC) antigen and activity, in an attempt to detect increased consumption of PC. In mean level of F1+2, there was a statistically significant difference between normal control and post-splenectomized patients (p < 0.05) but not between normal control and non-splenectomized patients (p > 0.05). The mean levels of PC activity and PC antigen in the patients were much lower than in normal controls. However, the mean levels of PCI and the mean level of APC:PCI complex in the patients were not significantly different from those in normal controls (p > 0.05). The high level of F1+2 in post-splenectomized patients found in this study agreed well with clinical and other laboratory findings. The normal level of PC inhibitor and APC:PCI complex found in this study provided no evidence of increased consumption of protein C in thalassemia patients.

Las hemoglobinopatías en el Perú / Hemoglobinopathies in Peru

Presentamos la investigación de Hb anormales, en 5,206 muestras de sangre estudiadas de 1974 a 1996, en el Servicio de Hematología del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins. La mayoría de muestras correspondieron a pacientes asegurados de HNERM. Otras, a casos problema de MINSA y FF.AA. y algunas otras de pacientes no asegurados de hospitales públicos y clínicas privadas de diversos departamentos, para estudios familiares y sondeos poblacionales específicos. En los estudios de Hb de rutina se usó métodos convencionales, el Technicon y Cobas-Argos. Para la electroforesis de Hb se empleó las técnicas del Manual Latinoamericano de Laboratorio de Hemoglobinopatías y el ICSH. Algunos casos para confirmación diagnóstica, requirieron electroforesis con enfoque isoeléctrico y cromatografía líquida de alta resolución, de laboratorios especializados de Costa Rica y los EUA. De 5,206 muestra de sangre, 375 casos son de Hb anormales (7,20 por ciento), con 16 tipos de variantes, que representan la totalidad de los tipos de Hb anormales descritos en el Perú. El hallazgo más frecuente fue Hb S con 171 casos y con ß talasemia menor 107 casos.En las tablas se expresa los valores hematológicos y el patrón electroforético de los síndromes drepanocíticos, de B-talasemia con Hb fetal y Hb Hofu; asimismo, los resultados de la electroforesis alcalina y ácida de Hb, que demuestran la movilidad de la Hb O Arabia, Hb C, Hb Hofu, Hb A, Hb S y otras. Los hallazgos no permiten establecer tasas de prevalencia de Hb anormales en el Perú. Se propone la realización de estudios a escala nacional con muestras de cordón umbilical o sondeos poblacionales, en los servicios del IPSS, MINSA y FF.AA.

Avaliaçäo clínica da glicohemoglobina lábil e estável e da hemoglobina fetal por cromatografia líquida de alta performace / Clinical evaluation of labile and stable glycohemoglobin and of the high performance liquid chromatography

A análise da glicohemoglobina (GHb) por HPLC (high performance liquide chromatography) apresenta a vantagem de fracioná-la em componentes menores como, fraçao lábil (L-A1c) - que se eleva com a hiperglicemia recente -, HbA1c que é a fraçao estável, e hemoglobina fetal. Além disso, idenfica ou sugere a presença de hemoglobinas anômalas. No intuito de definir o valor de referência da HbA1c em adultos foram estudados 56 indivíduos com tolerância normal à glicose (TNG) após teste oral de tolerância à glicose (TOTG) pelos critérios da OMS. Para avaliar se este método é sensível a pequenas elevaçoes da glicemia comparamos 16 indivíduos com tolerância alterada à glicose (TAG) ao grupo com TNG. Foram também estudadas 20 crianças e adolescentes, oito indivíduos com insuficiência renal crônica, oito grávidas e quatro indivíduos com hemoglobinopatias. A GHb foi processada automaticamente pelo método de HPLC (L-9100, Merck-Hitachi). Os níveis de HbA1c foram significantemente maiores nos indivíduos com TAG do que nos indivíduos com TNG (4,09+0,46 por cento e 3,65+0,36 por cento; p=0,0001). O valor de referência encontrado para HbA1c foi 2,9 a 4,4 por cento. A glicemia de jejum apresentou correlaçao positiva com HbA1c (r=0,41;p=0,001) e com L-A1c (r=0,55;p=0,0001) nos indivíduos com TNG. Nos indivíduos com TAG também houve correlaçao positiva da glicemia de jejum com HbA1c (r=0,50;p<0,05) e com glicemoa 2 horas após TOTG (r=0,74; p=0,001). A HbA1c dos indivíduos com TNG (3,65+0,36 por cento) nao se mostrou significantemente diferente da de jovens (3,49+0,28 por cento), grávidas (3,58+0,49 por cento) e urêmicos (3,39+0,25 por cento). Os indivíduos com hemoglobinopatias apresentaram reduçao ou alteraçao na curva da GHb. O ensaio da GHb por HPLC é um método reprodutível e muito sensível a pequenas variaçoes da glicemia, nao sofrendo alteraçoes devido à gravidez, uremia ou em jovens. Além disso, a curva cromatográfica pode fornecer informaçoes seguras do controle metabólico a curto (L-A1c) e longo prazo (HbA1c) ou sugerir hemoglobinopatias.

Laboratory and field comparisons of adenosine influx in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infected erythrocytes with genetic abnormalities from patients in Myanmar.

Influx of the purine nucleoside, adenosine, was assessed in erythrocytes from both normal subjects and from subjects with a range of genetically determined erythrocyte disorders from Myanmar. The latter included alpha-thalassemia major (Myanmar variant), beta-thalassemia major (Myanmar variant), beta-thalassemia trait, HbEE and HbAE erythrocytes and two variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) deficiency. Significant reductions (p < 0.01) of adenosine influx were observed in erythrocytes from individuals with alpha- and beta-thalassemia major and severe G6PDH deficiency. Abnormal erythrocytes infected with the malarial parasites, Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax, demonstrated a reduction in adenosine transport which correlated with the proportion of abnormal erythrocytes present in the samples obtained. The effect of nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) on adenosine influx was explored in normal and abnormal erythrocytes. In all these cases, NBMPR completely inhibited the transport of adenosine. However, transport of adenosine into P. falciparum and P. vivax-infected normal erythrocytes and abnormal cells was only inhibited 50-60% by NBMPR. The combination of tubercidin and NBMPR completely blocked adenosine transport into both normal and abnormal erythrocytes infected with either P. falciparum or P. vivax.

Molecular analysis of Hb Q-H disease and Hb Q-Hb E in a Singaporean family.

Hb Q (alpha 74Asp-His) results from a mutation in the alpha-gene such that abnormal alpha Q-chains are synthesized. The alpha Q-chains combine with the normal Beta A-chains to form abnormal Hb alpha 2Q beta 2A (Hb Q). Hb Q-H disease is rare, and has been reported only in the Chinese. We report here a Chinese family, were the mother diagnosed with Hb Q-H disease and the father with Hb E heterozygosity and a child with Hb Q-E-thalassemia. Thalassemia screening of the mother's blood revealed a Hb level of 6.8g/dl with low MCV and MCH. Her blood film was indicative of thalassemia. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis showed Hb H and Hb Q with the absence of Hb A. Globin chain biosynthesis was carried out and alpha Q- and beta-chains were detected. Normal alpha- chains were absent. Digestion of the mother's DNA with Bam HI and Bgl II followed by hybridization with the 1.5 kb alpha-Pst probe showed a two alpha-gene deletion on one chromosome and the -alpha Q chain mutant with the -alpha 4.2 defect on the other chromosome. DNA amplification studies indicated the two-gene deletion to be of the -SEA/ defect. The patient was concluded to possess Hb Q-H disease (--SEA/-alpha 4.2Q). Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of the father's blood showed the presence of Hb A, F and E. Molecular analysis of the father's DNA confirmed an intact set of alpha-genes (alpha alpha/alpha alpha). Globin chain biosynthesis of fetal blood of their child showed gamma, beta A, beta E, alpha A and alpha Q-chains. Molecular analysis of the child's DNA showed one alpha-gene deletion, thus giving a genotype of alpha alpha/-alpha 4.2Q beta beta E.

Genetics and public health: response of a brazilian population to an optional hemoglobinopathy program

The efficiency and viability of a hemoglobinopathy program was investigated. The program was offered on a voluntary basis to a Brazilian community (Araras, SP) and started with the blood analyses of pregnant women. A total of 2209 pregnant women were screened in the first 39 months and 80 heterozygotes were diagnosed (52 AS, 19 AT and 9 AC). Another 1003 persons related to these heterozygotes were examined and a total of 432 heterozygotes were diagnosed (241 AS, 140 AT and 51 AC), added to 13 patients with chronic hemolytic anemia (8 SS, 3 SC, 1 TT and 1 CC) and 16 risk couples, made up of two heterozygotes. The examination percentages of pregnant women (100 per cent), newly born children (75 per cent), other children (97 per cent), husbands (56 per cent ) and other relatives (64 per cent) showed the high rate of acceptance of the program in the community. Genetic counselling was accepted by 60 per cent of the heterozygotes over 15 years of age.

High transfusion in children with beta-thalassemia/Hb E: clinical and laboratory assessment of 18 cases.

Between 1990-1992, 18 patients with beta-thalassemia/Hb E age between 2-13 years (mean 7.4 +/- 3 years) were examined. Three patients were splenectomized and the rest were nonsplenectomized. They were divided into 3 groups. Group A:5 nonsplenectomized and 3 splenectomized patients had high transfusion rates with subcutaneous desferrioxamine injections. Five patients in group B received only high transfusion whereas in 5 patients in group C the levels pretransfusion Hb were maintained between 6-7 g/dl. The mean blood consumption in the nonsplenectomized groups were 220 +/- 25.3, 221 +/- 59 and 175.4 +/- 45.4 ml/kg/year in groups A, B and C, respectively. In group A, the mean blood requirement was 40% higher in the nonsplenectomized group. In the high transfusion regimen the spleen size did not increase and serum aspartate aminotransferase showed a striking fall in the majority of cases. The absolute increases in serum ferritin were 843.2 +/- 395, 861 +/- 252 and 1,262 +/- 440 ng/ml in groups A, B and C, respectively. These data demonstrated that high transfusion with desferrioxamine injection could improve the clinical well being of the patients.

Platelet counts in thalassemic children before and after splenectomy.

Even though thrombotic risks in thalassemia patients from standpoints of platelet dysfunction and coagulation factors are controversial, they are in favor of thrombosis due to thrombocytosis. From the study of 74 cases of thalassemia in children, marked thrombocytosis occurred during day 8 to 4 months during which one should be aware of the thrombosis. However, none of thalassemia children had acute thrombosis even at platelet counts of 1.6 million/microliters.

Differentiation of platelets from red cell fragments using laser technology: comparison between splenectomized and nonsplenectomized thalassemic patients.

Platelets from 59 beta-thalassemia/hemoglobin E (beta-thal/HbE) patients (19 were splenectomized) and 97 normal individuals were studied using laser and computer analysis. Fragmented red cells of similar platelet volume were differentiated from platelets using laser inspection of the intracellular hemoglobin of the fragmented red cell. The patients had increased platelet count than normal cases at p < 0.0001 (nonsplenectomized, mean +/- SE = 32.4 +/- 21.9; splenectomized, 617.5 +/- 64.2; normal, 264.7 +/- 6.4 x 10(3) cells/dl). Splenectomized patients had greater platelet counts than nonsplenectomized cases (p < 0.0001). Numbers of small red cells, probably red cell fragments, markedly increased in nonsplenectomized patients. Increased heterogeneity in platelet size was demonstrated in the patients of both groups. The nonsplenectomized patients had significantly higher mean platelet volume than normal (p < 0.02) and splenectomized cases (p < 0.01). Increased platelet number and heterogeneity in platelet population may involve in pulmonary thrombosis in splenectomized patients.